sci_chem
Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Chemistry · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
Products can turn back into reactants. Heating ammonium chloride splits it into two gases that recombine on cooling.
The reactions never stop; both keep happening. The amounts of each substance just stay constant.
Add reactant, change pressure or change temperature, and the position moves to cancel that change.
High pressure and low temperature give the best yield, but low temperature is too slow. So 450 °C, 200 atm and an iron catalyst are used.
Hard words & meanings
| reversible reaction | a reaction that can proceed both forward and backward, shown by ⇌ |
| dynamic equilibrium | the state where forward and reverse rates are equal so concentrations stay constant |
| closed system | a system where no substance can enter or leave |
| Le Chatelier's principle | an equilibrium shifts to oppose any change in conditions applied to it |
| yield | the amount of product obtained, often as a percentage of the maximum |
| exothermic | a reaction that releases heat, with a negative ΔH |
| compromise conditions | conditions chosen to balance a good yield against a fast enough rate |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up or changing the equilibrium position |
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