sci_chem
Covalent Bonding
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Chemistry · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
Each shared pair counts for both atoms, so both reach a full outer shell. One shared pair = one covalent bond.
H-H is single, O=O is double, N triple-bond N is triple. More shared pairs means a shorter, stronger bond.
The bonds inside are strong, but molecules pull on each other weakly, so melting and boiling points are low and they do not conduct.
Every atom is locked to others by strong bonds, so melting points are very high and the solids are very hard.
Hard words & meanings
| covalent bond | a bond formed by sharing a pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms |
| molecule | a neutral group of atoms joined by covalent bonds |
| lone pair | a pair of outer electrons not used in bonding |
| double bond | two shared pairs of electrons between the same two atoms |
| simple molecular | a structure of small separate molecules with weak forces between them |
| giant covalent | a structure where covalent bonds extend through the whole solid lattice |
| intermolecular forces | the weak attractions between separate molecules |
| dot-and-cross diagram | a diagram using dots and crosses to show which atom each shared electron came from |
Model exam answers, grammar & audio
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