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Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids

Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.

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Chemistry · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)

The -OH lets alcohols form hydrogen bonds, so they mix with water and boil higher than alkanes of similar mass.

Best at 25-35°C: too cold is slow, too hot kills the yeast enzymes. Fermentation stops near 15% ethanol as the alcohol kills the yeast.

The orange dichromate turns green. Tertiary alcohols have no H on the -OH carbon, so they will not oxidise.

Ethanol + ethanoic acid = ethyl ethanoate. The reaction is reversible, so the yield is never 100%.

functional group	the reactive atom or group that gives a molecule its characteristic chemistry, e.g. -OH or -COOH
alcohol	an organic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) group on a carbon atom
fermentation	the anaerobic conversion of sugar into ethanol and CO2 by yeast
oxidation	gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or loss of electrons
carboxylic acid	an organic compound containing the -COOH group; a weak acid
weak acid	an acid that only partially ionises in water
ester	the compound formed when an acid reacts with an alcohol; often fruity-smelling
esterification	the reversible reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester and water

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