sci_bio
Vaccines and Medicines
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Biology · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
It contains a dead, weakened or fragment form of the pathogen (its antigen). The immune system makes antibodies and, crucially, long-lived memory cells without you getting ill.
The second response is quicker and larger, so the pathogen is destroyed before it can cause disease. This is why one or two doses can protect for years.
Even people who cannot be vaccinated, like newborns, are shielded because the chain of transmission breaks. Measles needs about 95% coverage to hold.
Penicillin destroys bacterial cell walls. Resistant bacteria survive and multiply by natural selection, so we must finish the course and not use antibiotics for colds.
Hard words & meanings
| vaccine | a preparation of dead, weakened or fragmented pathogen given to make the immune system produce memory cells |
| antigen | a molecule (often a surface protein) on a pathogen that the immune system recognises as foreign |
| antibody | a protein made by plasma cells that binds to a specific antigen to help destroy the pathogen |
| memory cell | a long-lived lymphocyte that gives a rapid second response on re-infection |
| herd immunity | protection of a population when enough people are immune that the pathogen cannot spread |
| antibiotic | a medicine that kills bacteria or stops them reproducing; ineffective against viruses |
| antibiotic resistance | the ability of bacteria, arising by mutation and natural selection, to survive an antibiotic |
| placebo | a dummy treatment with no active drug, used as a comparison in clinical trials |
Model exam answers, grammar & audio
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