sci_bio
Stem Cells
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Biology · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
Self-renew means divide by mitosis to make more stem cells. Differentiate means develop into a specialised cell like a nerve, muscle or blood cell.
The fertilised egg is totipotent (any cell, including placenta). The blastocyst's inner cell mass is pluripotent. Adult stem cells are multipotent.
Embryonic cells are pluripotent but destroying the embryo raises ethical concerns. iPSCs avoid that and match the patient.
Bone marrow transplants already treat leukaemia. Trials aim to grow beta cells for diabetes and neurons for Parkinson's, but risks include tumours and rejection.
Hard words & meanings
| differentiation | the process by which an unspecialised cell develops into a specialised cell type |
| self-renewal | division of a stem cell by mitosis to produce more stem cells |
| totipotent | able to form every cell type, including placental (extra-embryonic) cells |
| pluripotent | able to differentiate into almost any body cell type, but not placenta |
| multipotent | able to form only a limited range of cell types within one tissue |
| blastocyst | an early embryo (about 5 days) with a hollow ball of cells and an inner cell mass |
| induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) | an adult cell reprogrammed in the lab to behave like an embryonic stem cell |
| differentiated cell | a cell specialised in structure and function for a particular job |
Model exam answers, grammar & audio
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