sci_bio
Pathogens
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Biology · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
There are four types: bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists. Most microbes are harmless or helpful; pathogens are the minority that cause harm.
Bacteria reproduce fast by binary fission and damage tissue with poisons. A virus injects its genes, hijacks the cell, then bursts it open to release thousands of new viruses.
Athlete's foot and rose black spot are fungal. Plasmodium is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito (a vector) and destroys red blood cells.
Hand-washing, clean water, vaccination and mosquito nets each target a different route. Knowing how a pathogen spreads tells you how to stop it.
Hard words & meanings
| pathogen | a microorganism that causes disease in a host |
| bacterium | a single-celled prokaryote with no true nucleus; some are pathogenic |
| virus | genetic material in a protein coat that reproduces only inside a host cell |
| toxin | a poison made by a pathogen that damages host tissue |
| fungus | a eukaryotic organism such as a mould or yeast; some infect skin or body |
| protist | a single-celled eukaryote; Plasmodium is a pathogenic protist |
| vector | an organism that carries a pathogen between hosts without being harmed |
| binary fission | asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two |
Model exam answers, grammar & audio
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