sci_bio
Immune System
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Biology · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
These barriers are non-specific - they block all pathogens, not one type. Cilia sweep trapped mucus up to be swallowed.
The phagocyte surrounds the pathogen, traps it in a vacuole, and releases enzymes to destroy it. Still non-specific.
Each antibody is specific to one antigen. T-cells kill infected cells and coordinate the response.
Vaccines train memory cells using harmless antigens, so the real pathogen is cleared before symptoms appear.
Hard words & meanings
| pathogen | a microorganism that causes disease |
| phagocyte | a white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens |
| lymphocyte | a white blood cell of the specific response (B-cells and T-cells) |
| antigen | a protein on a pathogen's surface that the immune system recognises |
| antibody | a Y-shaped protein made by B-cells that binds one specific antigen |
| phagocytosis | engulfing a pathogen into a vacuole and digesting it with enzymes |
| memory cell | a long-lived lymphocyte that gives a fast response on re-infection |
| agglutination | antibodies clumping pathogens together so phagocytes engulf them easily |
Model exam answers, grammar & audio
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