sci_bio
The Digestive System
Chapter summary, hard words and model exam answers for ICSE Class 10 Hindi.
Free online summary and notes (ICSE Class 10 Hindi). Read it here, no PDF download needed.
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Biology · CBSE 10 · ICSE 10 · GCSE (AQA, Edexcel, OCR)
Summary
The tongue rolls food into a bolus that is swallowed. Wave-like muscle squeezes called peristalsis move it to the stomach, even upside down.
Hydrochloric acid gives pH 2, which pepsin needs. Mucus protects the stomach's own lining from the acid.
The liver makes bile (stored in the gall bladder); the pancreas adds amylase, protease and lipase. Digestion is completed here.
Glucose and amino acids enter the blood capillaries; fats enter the lacteal. Undigested fibre forms faeces, egested through the anus.
Hard words & meanings
| peristalsis | wave-like muscle contractions that push food along the gut |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst that speeds up a reaction without being used up |
| amylase | enzyme in saliva and pancreatic juice that breaks starch into maltose |
| protease | an enzyme such as pepsin or trypsin that breaks protein into amino acids |
| lipase | an enzyme that breaks fat into fatty acids and glycerol |
| bile | a liver fluid that emulsifies fat and neutralises stomach acid; not an enzyme |
| emulsification | breaking large fat globules into tiny droplets to increase surface area |
| villi | finger-like folds of the small intestine wall that increase surface area for absorption |
| egestion | removal of undigested food (faeces) from the body |
Model exam answers, grammar & audio
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